Rail transport in the Philippines[]
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Manila Light Rail Transit Authority System (LRT-1 and LRT-2)
Manila Metro Rail Transit Corporation System (MRT-3)
Philippine National Railways (PNR)
Rail transport in the Philippines is a growing means of transportation for passengers and cargo in the country. Such means of tae are used typically for rapid transport within major cites as well as long distance travel. The Philippine railway network consists of one commuter rail service provided by the Philippine National Railways (PNR), and a rapid transit system operated by the Light Rail Transit Authority and Metro Rail Transit Corporation. All three services were integrated through theStrong Republic Transit System, a project aimed at improving interchanges from one line to another.
History[]
Luzon[]
The "Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan" (ca 1885)
There has been rail transport in the Philippines for over 120 years.[1] The first proposal was made on June 25 1875 when King Alfonso XII of Spain promulgated a Royal Decree directing the Office of the Inspector of Public Works of the Philippines to submit a general plan of railroads on Luzon.[2] The plan, which was submitted five months later by Don Eduardo Lopez Navarro, was entitled Memoria Sobre el Plan General de Ferrocarriles en la Isla de Luzón, and was promptly approved. A concession for the construction of a railway line from Manila to Dagupan City was granted to Don Edmundo Sykes of theFerrocarril de Manila-Dagupan on June 1, 1887.[3] The first rail tracks were laid in 1891 and its first commercial run.[4]
At the Tutuban Central Terminal in a bustling district of old Manila was the terminal of the Philippine National Railways for two lines, to the north and to the south. From the center of Manila towards Baguio in the north, the line ended in San Fernando, La Union while the south line stopped in Legazpi City in the Bicol region. To and from these points it carried people and their goods, their trade and livelihood.
Most of the improvements on the rail network were destroyed during Japanese invasion of the Philippines during the World War II. Of the more than a thousand route-kilometers before the war, only 452 were operational after it. For several years after the war, work was undertaken on what could be salvaged of the railroad system.[5]
Panay[]
Engine of the Panay Railways on display in a plaza of Iloilo City
Locomotive No. 109 on a stopover at the Panay Railways' Central Train Station on Railway St., Passi City, circa 1980s.
From the beginning of the American colonial period of the Philippines, the new American colonial Insular Government was committed to building new railways. The Philippine Railway Company, predecessor of the current Panay Railways, was incorporated in Connecticut on March 5, 1906.[6] It was part of a "Manila syndicate", a collection of Philippine infrastructure companies including the Manila Electric Railway and Light Company, incorporated in New Jersey, the Manila Construction Company, and the Manila Suburban Railways Company.[7] Later the Philippines Railways Construction Company was added.[7] Cornelius Vanderbilt and William Salomon, among other leading American railwaymen sat on the board.
On May 28, 1906, the Philippine Commission granted to the Philippine Railway Corporation a concession to construct railways on the islands of Panay, Negros and Cebu.[8]
Construction began on a railroad from Iloilo City to Roxas City in Capiz with crews working from both cities and meeting in the middle in 1907.[6] Operations began immediately upon completion.[6] In 1985 passenger operations ceased and in 1989 freight operations ceased.[9]
Cebu[]
The Philippine Railway Company, along with operating the Panay line, operated a line in Cebu from 1911 to 1942, when operations ceased because of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II.[10] The line ran from Danaosouth through Cebu City to Argao.[11] The line was built by the related Philippine Railways Construction Company.[12]
Rehabilitation[]
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's Administration worked to rehabilitate rail transportation in the country, including the Philippine National Railways, through various investments and projects.[13][14] Total reconstruction of rail bridges and tracks, including replacement of the current 35-kilogram (77-pound) track with newer 50-kilogram (110-pound) tracks and the refurbishing of stations, were part of the rehabilitation and expansion process. Much of those plans such as the Northrail Project were controversial and were never completed.
Commuter rail[]
A PNR Hyundai Rotem DMU used for the Metro Commuter Line at Blumentritt station
Main articles: Philippine National Railways and Philippine National Railways Metro Commuter Line
The Philippine National Railways is a state-owned railway system in the Philippines, organized under the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) as an attached agency. Established during the Spanish colonial period, the modern PNR was developed only in 1984. It formerly operated around 479 kilometres of track on the island of Luzon, where most Philippine rail infrastructure is located. Because of this, PNR has become synonymous with the Philippine rail system.
A portion of the PNR network, specifically the Metro Manila portion of the network called as the Metro Commuter Line, is part of the Strong Republic Transit System (SRTS),[15] and overall public transport system in the metropolis. It forms the backbone of all of Metro Manila's regional rail services, which extend to its suburbs and to provinces such as Laguna. However, other than reducing growing traffic congestion due to the rising number of motor vehicles in Metro Manila,[16] PNR also aims to link key cities within the Philippines efficiently and to serve as an instrument in national socio-economic development.[17]
However, the meeting of that goal has been beset with problems regarding degraded infrastructure and a lack of government funding,[18] problems that are being rectified with current rehabilitation efforts. The rehabilitation of PNR, which has been touted by various administrations, seeks to not only tackle those problems, but also to spur Philippine economic growth through an efficient railway system. In 2007 the Philippine government initiated a rehabilitation project aiming to remove informal settlers from the PNR right-of-way, revitalize commuter services in Metro Manila, and restore the Manila-Bicol route as well as lost services in Northern Luzon. In July 2009, PNR unveiled a new corporate identity and inaugurated new rolling stock.[19]
Rapid transit[]
LRTA System[]
Main articles: Manila Light Rail Transit Authority System, Manila Light Rail Transit Line 1 and Manila Mass Rapid Transit Line 2
An LRT-1 train of the LRTA System at the Blumentritt Station
An MRT-2 train at the platform of the J. Ruiz Station
An MRT-3 train at the platform of the North Avenue Station
UP Diliman AGT
The Manila Light Rail Transit Authority System is the main metropolitan rail system serving the Metro Manila area of the Philippines. There are two lines to the system: LRT-1, dubbed the Green Line (formerly Yellow Line), and MRT-2, dubbed the Blue Line (formerly Purple Line). Although the LRT-1 is referred to as a "light rail" system, arguably because the network is mostly elevated, the system is more akin to a rapid transit (metro) system in European-North American terms. The Manila LRTA system is the first metro system in Southeast Asia, built earlier than the Singapore MRT by three years. Quick and inexpensive to ride, the system serves 605,000 passengers each day. Every day around 430,000 passengers board the Yellow Line, and 175,000 ride the Purple Line.[20][21]
Its 31 stations along over 31 kilometers (19 mi) of mostly elevated track form two lines. All of the stations of the LRT-1 and MRT-2 are elevated, except for the Katipunan Station (which is underground). They follow one of two different layouts. Most LRT-1 stations are composed of only one level, accessible from the street below by stairway, containing the station's concourse and platform areas separated by fare gates.[22]
Many passengers who ride the system also take various forms of road-based public transport, such as buses, to and from a station to reach their intended destination.[23] A reusable plastic magnetic ticketing system has replaced the previous token-based system, and the Flash Pass introduced as a step towards a more integrated transportation system.
The system is not related to the Manila Metro Rail Transit Corporation System, which forms a completely different but linked system of the Philippine National Railways.
MRTC System[]
Main article: Manila Metro Rail Transit Line 3
The Manila Metro Rail Transit Corporation System has a single line, MRT-3 or dubbed as the Yellow Line (formerly Blue Line). Although it has characteristics of light rail, such as the type of rolling stock used, it is more akin to a rapid transit system. It is not related to the Manila Light Rail Transit Authority System, a separate but linked system.
One of its original purposes was to decongest Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), one of Metro Manila's main thoroughfares and home to the MRT-3, and many commuters who ride the system also take road-based public transport, such as buses, to reach the intended destination from a station. The system has been only partially successful in decongesting EDSA, and congestion is further aggravated by the rising number of motor vehicles.[16] The expansion of the system to cover the entire stretch of EDSA is expected to contribute to current attempts to decongest the thoroughfare and to cut travel times. The single line serves 13 stations on 16.95 kilometres (10.5 mi) of line.[24] It is mostly elevated, with some sections at grade or underground. The line commences at North Avenue and ends at Taft Avenue (Taft on the map), serving the cities that EDSA passes through: Quezon City, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Pasay. By 2004 MRT-3 had the highest ridership of the three lines, with 400,000 passengers daily.[25]
AGT System[]
Main article: University of the Philippines Diliman Automated Guideway Transit System
The automated guideway transit system in UP Diliman will be the first of its kind to be built in the Philippines. Plans for the system were revealed as early as December of 2010. The groundbreaking ceremony was held on July 18, 2011. It is still currently under construction and it will be developed within the campus of the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City. It will serve as test track for the first mass transit system to be built and developed in the country by local engineers.[26]
Proposed subway system[]
MMDA Chairperson Francis Tolentino said that a proposal to build a subway from the Bonifacio Global City in Taguig to an area near a shopping mall in Quezon City. Tolentino also said that the proposal has been complete with geological study showing that a subway is feasible, and that the project is supported by DPWHSecretary Rogelio Singson.[27]